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Showing posts with label dental health. Show all posts
Showing posts with label dental health. Show all posts

Friday, July 26, 2013

How to Prevent Teeth Damaged Children
any parent would not want to see his son suffered damage to his teeth. tooth decay usually begins when a baby tooth is damaged. it is important for every parent to keep an eye on the dental health of children from a young age so that when it's grown up dental care habits do not go away and make the teeth look healthy children.

to keep your child's teeth to appear are always healthy and take care of him since the start wat young children because milk teeth health determines the health of the permanent teeth of children. to protect the health of children's teeth forbid children to do things that could damage the health of children's teeth as follows:

  • Important for children to mersihkan their teeth with a toothbrush or rinse immediately after taking the medication. Medications such as cough syrups contain sugar that is not good for the health of your teeth, because the sugar content of the drug is converted by bacteria into acid on the teeth that will damage the enamel on the teeth.
  • If children chew gum, encourage him to choose sugarless gum, or gum that helps reduce bad bacteria in the mouth. Chewing gum can clean the plaque on the teeth than it could stimulate the production of saliva to clean the bacteria in the mouth.
  • Avoid giving milk to children before bedtime, or give him milk in a bottle to make it easier to sleep.
  • Familiarize children drink water. Water will remove food particles from between the teeth. but can help clean teeth water can also help cleanse the digestive tract.
  • Familiarize children eat some kind of snack as soon as possible. How often she ate snacks is more important than how many snacks he ate. Distance between meal snacks make saliva is able to clean the teeth of particles and bacteria that interfere. Too often eat without brushing your teeth feed on bacteria that leads to plaque buildup and cavities.
  • Give the sugar-free foods because foods that contain lots of sugar can stimulate bacteria in the mouth to produce acids that can damage tooth enamel.
  • Serve sweet foods along with eating routine and should not be used as a snack. If you plan to give it a sweet food, serve as a dessert after the main meal. After that clean teeth by rinsing or brushing teeth.
  • Reduce the provision of soft drinks or fruit juice in containers that contain acid. Water and milk is a drink that can be given between meals.

possible to support the health of these foods need to be avoided or not to be consumed by children:

  • Food was very sweet with a high sugar content such as lollipops, hard candy sweet, candy.
  • The food is sticky and chewy like raisins, lunkhead, oatmeal cookies or peanut butter, jelly beans and caramel. Because these foods inhibit saliva to drive sugar from your teeth. If not give your child this food immediately ask the child to rinse shortly after eating.

The following foods should be given to children to support the growth of teeth health:

  • Cheese: presented along with lunch or as a snack, especially cheese slabs or other types of cheese because the cheese trigger the flow of saliva. Saliva helps clean food particles from the teeth.
  • Fruits and vegetables: make fruits and vegetables as snacks. Choose a high water content such as pear, melon, yam and celery are the best. Bananas and raisins contain concentrated sugar. When you give these two types of fruit, brush teeth immediately after eating.
  • Important eat and drink calcium to strengthen teeth as additional unsweetened milk, broccoli and yogurt.
How to Prevent Tooth Decay in Children
maintaining healthy teeth is some thing which is very important. many people who maintain healthy teeth when fully grown, but it's better than not keeping up at all. maintaining dental health is better done as a child or at about the age of two years.

keep teeth from a young age is a good first step to prevent tooth decay in children. I am sure no parent wants to see their child had a problem with his teeth, especially the problem of tooth decay.


Tooth decay that occurs on or in technical language, also known as dental caries can give a great influence on a child's confidence in her social and can cause problems for permanent teeth, because teeth play an important role in supporting the development of permanent teeth. Baby teeth provide space for permanent teeth, so that if broken the permanent teeth can grow irregularly.


The following is a way to prevent tooth decay or caries in children:


1. Make sure children brush their teeth twice a day regularly. Begin to teach good habits in children in brushing their teeth when your child is old enough, usually it dilakukakan when the child turns 2 years of age. To give an example, let your child see you're brushing your teeth. Children are imitators outstanding and no better example than the parents in the child how to brush your teeth.


2. Try not to use fluoride toothpaste when the child was a child because they may swallow the toothpaste accidentally. Often swallow toothpaste containing fluoride can cause enamel fluorosis to try it for children under 7 years old should not use toothpaste that contains fluoride. When anaka has reached the age of 7 years make it a habit to use toothpaste that contains fluoride.


3. Prepare your child's lunch with nutritious foods like fruits, vegetables and cheeses that contain a lot of calcium and low in acid and sugar. because foods high in calcium can support dental health while eating a high-acid foods that are not good for eating it fosters the growth of destructive bacteria teeth. Avoid sugary foods are sticky and easy to get stuck in your teeth like raisins, lunkhead, caramels and lollipops.


4. When shopping, make sure to include some new toothbrush in your list. Toothbrushes should be replaced every three months. Choose a soft toothbrush and compact specifically for children.


5. Start cleaning your child's teeth since the first tooth, usually at the age of 6 months. Cleaning is done every night before bed. The younger you start, the easier it is to develop the habit. You can place your child's head in her lap so that brushing more fun and effective. Clean baby's gums and first teeth with a damp gauze or a small soft toothbrush. For infants with more teeth, smear a little toothpaste kids (about a grain of rice) on a soft toothbrush.


6. Because the bacteria that cause tooth decay can be contagious, do not put a spoon and fork to the mouth of your child if you already use. Keep each child has his own toothbrush.


7. Do not give milk, juice or sweet drinks when the child will sleep. The liquid will be trapped under the upper lip and the child's upper front teeth can cause them to rot.


8. Schedule regular checkups to the dentist at least every 6 months but it would be better if done once a month. Do not wait until your child's teeth problems. Regular checks help keep your child's oral health. Let your child become familiar with the dentist and do not instill fear him like some parents who often threatens to deprive children of their teeth when not brushing your teeth or eating too many sweets.


9. Replace sugar with honey because honey is not cariogenic (causing dental caries). so honey is a good material to replace sugar is not good for dental health.

Thursday, July 25, 2013

cause teeth to become porous
If you want to have healthy teeth? jwabannya definitely all want to have healthy teeth. The next question is whether the effort that you did to get healthy teeth already maximized? and the answer is only you who can measure themselves. it is good to maximize your efforts to get healthy teeth is to find out a little about your habits that are not good for your teeth often do.

Many habits are often done and thought that the good habits in an effort to take care of your teeth to become healthy teeth. but it is not really even a quasi-fact there might be a good habit is precisely the things that are not good for dental health. but worse still it is often done in a long time.


To help you obtain healthy teeth, the following is the cause of tooth loss that may be your habit often done unknowingly. but still it must be remembered that this is just a general information for more good idea to always consult with your doctor.


The following is a cause of tooth loss is:


Most fluoride can be bad 

It is true that fluoride is an essential element in supporting the health of your teeth so that your teeth stay healthy. However, for children under 8 years of age, a result of excessive fluoride toothpaste ingested in large amounts will cause a condition called fluorosis. Generally, fluorosis begins with a condition that looks like a white dot and finally become brown.

To make sure children do not swallow toothpaste while brushing your teeth, always accompanied them while brushing your teeth and tell that the pasta enough to be applied for soybeans so if swallowed toothbrush, toothpaste that enters the body is not too much. Most cases of fluorosis occurs because toothpaste is ingested in large quantities. It is advisable that the children were given a fluoride-free toothpaste until they understand that when rinse, toothpaste should be discarded and not be swallowed.


Braces can be caused cavities 

Brush your teeth properly and carefully if you want gear that is being trimmed by using braces to grow into a healthy tooth. Because, if not, food, bacteria, and acid will tejebak around your braces and can cause your enamel eroded, it is stated by Raymond George Sr., DMD, President of the American Association of Orthodentists.

Caries can be started from the existing bracket around braces. Although the damage was not up to the hole, it could lead to "demineralization" so that there will be a white spot on your teeth (if there are cavities in your teeth then they will be even darker color).


Actually the tongue is the most natural cleanser. When someone installing braces, they tend to stop sweeping the tongue teeth due to the discomfort that arises due to collide with the metal, it can lead to piles of dirt in your teeth.


You could lose your teeth at any age 

Some particular individual is born with perfect teeth. Which often times is not the same in every person is the last wisdom tooth growing. However, often times the cause of your tooth loss is gum disease and caries.A research study showed that 22.8 percent of the U.S. population aged 65-74 years and 29 percent of the U.S. population aged 75 years and above wear dentures.

Food acids damage tooth 

True. In addition to sweet foods, acidic foods it can damage your teeth. Sour candy, soft drinks, can make your tooth enamel to erosion! Robyn Loewen, DDS, a fellow of the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry, stated, if you want to eat foods that have a high acidic nature, eat with other foods. Then, brush your teeth with baking soda on a regular basis has been shown to neutralize the acid in your mouth so that it can reduce the acid loving bacteria that cause caries.

Enamel, the hardest substance in the body but easily broken 

Ice, popcorn seeds, as well as the tongue and lip piercing are some things that can damage your teeth. Unlike skin, your teeth can not grow back. When you eat popcorn seeds, is just like eating "stone" and will be a combination of two things that are very hard. Popcorn seed and your teeth will collide each other so that it can cause damage to the teeth.

A research study in 2007, published in the American Journal of Dentistry stated, as much as 14 percent to 41 percent of individuals have piercing in the mouth and the surrounding area experienced tooth decay. Observations indicate that a change in shape of the teeth are significant and can lead to tooth loss.
yellow teeth, maybe a lot of people have it. most of them even confused, why this could happen? many of them blame the toothpaste they use. they are many who think that once they often use a toothbrush that contains tooth whitening then they will be white. Such arguments are not entirely true nor entirely wrong because using toothpaste without cause yellow teeth keep the same result will be worth it. 

factor having yellowish teeth

yellow teeth to be the first indicator of unhealthy teeth yellow teeth is due to the onset of coral on the teeth. important to know the causes of yellow teeth from the beginning as the first step to maintaining healthy teeth. The following is the cause of yellow teeth are important to know. 


among the causes of yellow teeth are as follows: 


Brushing your teeth after eating sweet  

Due to fear of bacteria that live on the teeth, then many people will rush to brush your teeth after eating sweets. Is it true that such a thing is to be done? This proved to be wrong because after doing the process of mastication, the state tends to be acidic mouth. Currently teeth eventually neutralize mouth with issuing state to protect tooth enamel. If you are in a hurry to brush your teeth, the enamel will then wasted and bacteria-free even thrive. It is advisable to brush your teeth at least an hour after eating sweets. 

Teeth whitening  

How could even make teeth whitening teeth turn yellow? Well, it turns out the workings of teeth whitening is not as simple as we think. Most, teeth whitening work with eroded teeth. And often, worn teeth whitening at home, not working optimally. Instead of bleach, they mjustru erode teeth, making it brittle and yellow. 

Energy drinks  

Having been made to replace the energy and salts lost during exercise, it is equipped with energy drinks sugar and acid. According to a study done at the University of Birmingham, found that energy drinks are corrosive than mineral water. Chemical substances contained in energy drinks tend to undermine and erode the teeth. 

Diabetes  

It is undeniable that this is a disease which effects contribute yellow teeth, brittle and even porous. Unfortunately, many people with diabetes do not realize that this disease also affects the state of his teeth. 

Opening the packaging with teeth  

So strong teeth and no scissors around you, then you decide to open the packaging with your teeth. STOP this habit! Without you knowing it, this habit will make it easier teeth brittle and weak. When the teeth brittle, the color will not automatically healthier and tend to turn yellow. 

Cigarette  

In addition to diabetes, smoking also makes your teeth yellow. The nicotine content in cigarettes causes a mouth to acid, nicotine-nicotine bound in gear elements and stay on the tooth walls. No wonder if those who smoke almost difficult to have clean white teeth. 

White Wine  

You might think that red wine actually bad for teeth, because the color red. But it turns out the white wine actually gives worse effects to the teeth. "The white wine erodes teeth faster," said Dr Paul Ashley, director of dental health institutions, at University College Hospitals. 

Eye Drug  

Maybe you are confused, what is the relationship eyedrops with yellow teeth. However, these eye drops indeed be one of the causes teeth to yellow. Chemical constituents in the eye drops suppress the production of saliva. Where saliva will neutralize acid in the mouth. Due to the amount of saliva is reduced, automatically acids in the mouth will increase. Here, the bacteria will multiply more rapidly, so that the teeth become yellow. 

Swim  

Results of a study conducted on 500 people swimmer mentioned that 66% of the swimmers suffered damage to the teeth and yellow teeth. This is due to the high content of chlorine in the pool water. Chlorine affects the pH of the water that causes the acid content is higher. To that end, do not forget to brush your teeth after swimming. 

Herbal tea  

Maintain the slimness of the body and health with herbal tea became a common practice these days. Body feels fitter and slimmer. However, it turns out this herbal tea carry side effects that are bad for the teeth. Those who regularly consume herbal teas tend to have yellow teeth. In response to this, the Japanese researchers, as reported by Dailymail, suggested that consumers prefer herbal tea green tea. The content of catechins in green tea are believed to suppress acid-producing bacteria in the teeth, so the teeth yellow more easily prevented.

Wednesday, July 24, 2013

when experiencing toothache sure it's uncomfortable. may cause distraction than a toothache can also interfere with work. many people do not know that toothaches are caused by simple things such as brushing rare. Other bad habits that can cause toothache is dental cavities understatement and immediately went to the dentist.


cavities usually begins with small black dots which are in gear, but a lot of disparaging things. better when experiencing these signs consult your tooth to the dentist in order to avoid more serious problems to the teeth.


when the tooth was already perforated hurry to stop it up, before going on to more serious problems with your teeth but previously consult with your dentist.


The following is a reason why cavities need to be patched immediately after your health and wellness:


Toothache can destroy our lives 

Toothache is very painful and is able to "paralyze" us! Yes, when we feel the toothache is certainly a lot of things that will affect it as bad food, uncomfortable to speak, unable to work, the body becomes weak, head ache abysmally, and believe that you certainly do not want to be one of the victim or who experience . Therefore, it is better to prevent than to feel it not?. Small hole can turn into a monster in an instant, eliminating holes same as early as possible by eliminating our chance to be the next victim of toothache. should always keep in mind that prevention is better than cure.

The smaller the hole the easier repaired 

Cavities can occur because it is caused by bacteria that multiply and produce acids on the surface of the teeth that eventually make your teeth over time will become brittle. The smaller cavities means the less bacteria in it the better for repair. And the less bacteria in it means the more likely we are to maintain our natural teeth. Original tooth remains the best and deserve to be preserved. better treat teeth as early as possible before the big hole.

Patching a small hole is much cheaper and safer than fix it when it is severe 

To patch cavities dentist in general need to follow to take not only the damaged tooth tissue but also most healthy tooth tissue around the hole. The bigger hole means more healthy tooth tissue is sacrificed and vice versa, the smaller the hole, the more the remaining healthy tooth tissue. It also means that the time of the visit and discomfort during dental treatment becomes less and less. Patch the holes when not severe tooth also means to minimize the possibility of dental cavities return (relapse).

Small holes can be enlarged quickly

 Holes are still visible small teeth are not always allowed us consider trivial. The bacteria that cause cavities are various types. Sometimes there is a slow and there is also very fast. Holes are seen on the surface of the teeth is also not always represent the original condition of our teeth because it often looks small hole has indeed turned out to be great in the teeth without us knowing. These conditions led to the phenomenon of "rotten teeth" in which our teeth suddenly broke and alone, leaving only the roots of teeth.

Patchwork material is now getting better gear 

Are you the type of people who are afraid your teeth look bad after patched because black fillings dentists use? Quiet, now the types of dental fillings is growing. Even that is popular is the tooth-colored fillings, which means someone else or even you yourself may not be aware that your teeth are being patched before you ever gaze. Remember, the smaller the tooth cavity fillings types that you can choose to be more varied, more options, and of course with a more affordable cost.

After knowing the reason you are still thinking over whether to postpone patching the holes in your teeth? Or you might even find other reasons to immediately patch your teeth? Remember, healthy teeth are a perfect source of life. Rawat your teeth every day and do the routine control to the dentist every 6 months.
Teeth is a very important organ in the digestive process. if the teeth are having problems then the digestion process also having problems. therefore so keep your dental health should not be damaged. important to always maintain the health of teeth.

Many things that affect the dental health of the bad habits in caring for the teeth, but it is the lack of foods that are good for dental health. many people assume that once they diligently brushing their teeth had been satisfied and have enough dental care, when adjusting the diet is also very important as well because it is a process that involves eating teeth.


Following a good diet and you must know to be consumed in supporting the health of your teeth because in the following meal contained substances that are good for the teeth.


The following types of food to go round dental health:


Fruits

 Consumed raw fruit that can reduce plaque and massaging your gums because it can be used as a natural brush. when you will choose to consume fruit fruits that contain lots of vitamin C, because if you lack vitamin C can cause teeth and gums are more susceptible to disease. usually people know that they are having a low level of vitamin C when their gums bleed itself.

Celery

 Celery is a good friend to the dentist, why? Because eating raw celery can help clean your teeth and makes your mouth produce more saliva, which can neutralize the bacteria that cause cavities.

Protein

 Animal protein such as beef, chicken, eggs and turkey are rich in phosphorus, calcium and vitamin D is good for your dental health support. Make sure you consume enough protein every day so that dental health is always awake.

Shallots

 Shallots have a high content of sulfur compounds used sbagai strong anti-bacterial because it can kill the bacteria that can be harmful to teeth and gums. But when you eat a lot of raw onions give side effects, which is an unpleasant body odor.

Sesame seeds

 Sesame seeds are combined with bread can dissolve plaque and help keep teeth enamel. Delicious sesame seeds are also rich in calcium that maintain healthy teeth and jaws.

Vegetable

 Vegetables such as broccoli, carrots, sweet potatoes, and pumpkin are rich in vitamin A which is good to build tooth enamel. It would be very good if eaten raw.

Green Tea.


Green tea has a compound that is very beneficial to teeth, natural antioxidants prevent plaque accumulation, thereby reducing the risk of tooth decay and bad breath. Even some types of green tea contains fluoride which can protect teeth from decay.


Cheese

Cheese is a product derived from milk that has significant benefits because it contains phosphates and calcium. Besides cheese helps balance the acidity or pH level in the mouth, producing more saliva and rebuild tooth enamel, as well as killing bacteria that cause cavities and gum disease.

but better than all of that is always eating or drinking water diligent and try to always rinse because rinsing can clean mulit so that saliva can keep gums and teeth properly.

Monday, July 15, 2013

maintaining dental health is something that should always be done every day after finished eating and before bed and after sleeping a night that is by brushing your teeth. a lot of the things done to keep teeth healthy because if dental problems affect the mouth odor mouth feel unpleasant or foul odors.

many people who always apply good habits in dental health care, but many people also complain why their teeth are always problematic as often bleeding gums or bad breath still smelled foul when talking with others. maybe it happens when someone is doing a bad habit that causes the problem still arises.


not a guarantee to get a healthy tooth after someone does a dental treatment as recommended by your dentist or rule of if a person is often a bad habit that can cause or make a tooth is broken or problematic. it is actually often done unconsciously so someone realized when he saw the signs of problematic teeth.


The following bad habits are often done that could cause problems in the tooth to be in the know so that it can be used as subjects in an attempt to treat your teeth. The following is a bad habit:


1. Rarely to the dentisttry to maintain the health of your teeth at least twice yearly dental checkups to the doctor. however, this simple suggestion is still much to ignore it but it is very important. so when a dental problem then comes when someone realized the other dental problems such as problemsthe gums come someone should do checks every three months.


2. Using teeth as toolsmaybe a bad habit is often done when the central dining sale is when buying chips and open it using the help of a tooth or teeth loosen knot by using, unconsciously turns out it can cause cracks and broken teeth and can interfere with dental treatment that is being lived. Another habit that is often done is chewing ice cubes, chocolate that has been frozen and chewing gum are often done by children.


3. Ignore dental problemswhen someone has bleeding gums and breath odor is very chronic, do not underestimate these signs because the problem is an indication of bad breath. to resolve the issue as drink enough water before going to bed and after sleeping so moist mouth can be maintained. use a tongue cleaner that many are sold in pharmacies to reduce bacteria in the mouth. to prevent the bloody teeth, Brush your teeth regularly and using dental floss, but if these symptoms do not go away immediately to the doctor for a consultation.


4. Meals that leave stainsform tooth enamel is like a sponge. eat the plate leaving no stains such as coffee, sauce, ketchup, etc. can make the teeth gradually become yellow. ask your dentist to perform laser whitening treatments, bleaching or Prophy Power, a new procedure in which sodium bicarbonate (soft dental bleach) mixed with a strong blast of water that can be used to remove stains without damaging tooth enamel. with whitening toothpaste does little to help whiten teeth too sharp but tends to tooth enamel.


5. Habit of eating snackswhen buying a meal especially sweet food while also eating starchy foods, the bacteria that normally live in the mouth creates acid to break down food but these acids attack the teeth can also lead to broken teeth. instead choose to snack crunchy fruits like apples or carrots. even the experts also consider this meal as a natural toothbrush and its effect on the plaque as well as detergent that cleans stains on clothing. chewing gum that contains sugar can also help prevent cavities because it can increase the flow of saliva, which can get rid of bacteria that cause cavities.


6. Soft drink consumption habitsdrink carbonated or fizzy drink that contains phosphoric acid, which is a long time can cause erosion of the teeth. when we are used to try to enjoy this drink using a straw to minimize direct contact with gear fluid and do not forget to brush your teeth afterwards.


7. Do not use dental flossbacteria in dental plaque which can be a major cause of tooth decay and gum disease within 24 hours. use dental floss once a day to get rid of plaque.


8. Use of the wrong toothpasteDo not easily believe the toothpaste that claimed to contain a variety of beneficial ingredients. some toothpaste, particularly those designed as "tartar control" can cause abrasion of the tooth. toothpaste containing granules that feels rough can erode tooth enamel and cause gum thinning. with fluoride toothpaste is enough for you to use.


9. Habit of brushing your teeth too hardusing a toothbrush with hard bristles, and coupled with the pressure that is too hard when brushing your teeth can remove enamel of permanent teeth. therefore use a soft bristle brush and brush your teeth gently.

Saturday, July 13, 2013

Dentition is a gift of God which must always be maintained. Someone with a pretty face attractive but laugh when there is a black front teeth or cavities, or even toothless, would become less attractive. It can also cause bad breath (halitosis) can cause a person to feel less confident and can be an obstacle in the association.

Moreover cavities can also be a focal infection and can cause pain in other parts of the body and cause various diseases such as cancer, heart disease, rheumatism, eczema, migraines, abnormalities in the brain and lungs, etc..Gigi is also one of important digestive organ. Teeth are used to chew food before going into the digestive tract. If there is interference with the teeth would be disrupted digestion process.Dental problems can also interfere with daily activities.All that can be prevented simply by doing a good dental care and regular. In addition, the costs were cheaper than if teeth are already hollow and must be treated by a dentist.

 
How to care for your teeth good:

   1.
Brushing your teeth properly and regularly, there are three factors that must be considered:


                        
a. Elections toothbrushChoose a toothbrush bristles do not be too loud / soft / rare. End of a toothbrush and hair brush as close as possible because if not the brush end is fixed to the back of the mouth but not bristle contact to the surface of the back teeth. Or choose a small toothbrush to brush the back teeth / molars. Replace your toothbrush at least every 3 months or when the bristles toothbrush is not uniform.

                        
b. How to brush / brush movementDo with the vertical movement of the tip toward the gums to the teeth. For the upper jaw, from top to bottom and vice versa, for the lower jaw, from bottom to top. The outside, inside and chewing surface of the teeth to be brushed carefully but without pressure. Gums should also be brushed so that the leftovers in the neck soft brushed teeth and massage the gums so do healthy gums, chewy and do not bleed easily. Also prevent the formation of tartar.

 
                        c. Tooth brushing frequencyShould be done at least 2 times a day in the morning after breakfast and at night before bed. Better to use toothpaste that contains fluoride which can strengthen email.2. Use dental floss to clean up the remnants of food stuck in between your teeth and can not be reached            by a toothbrush. 

3. Wash the tongue with a tongue cleaner tool or toothbrush without toothpaste because the tongue is a gathering place for the bacteria that can cause bad breath.
 
4. Routine control to the dentist at least every 6 months.


In addition to the ways mentioned above, the following tips are also very useful for preventing tooth decay: 

1. Rinse and drink water after eating. 
2. Avoid foods that are sweet and sticky, like syrup, sweets and chocolate. 
3. Chewing gum that contains no sugar because it can increase the flow of saliva / saliva to clean the food particles and acids that cause tooth decay. 
4. Get used to eating fresh fruits because in addition to good health, fiber can help remove dirt in teeth. 
5. Eat a balanced diet rich in calcium such as milk, cheese, eggs, anchovies, spinach, cinnamon, mustard greens, broccoli, etc..